Masao Nishikawa: Socialists and International Actions for Peace 1914-1923

The analyses and accounts of the history of the "Second International" often go up to 1914, the year its anti-war efforts were to prove futile. All actions of the socialists during World War I were discussed in the context of the pathway to the "Third International". The author aims to present a somewhat different picture from existing views by examining the thoughts and actions of socialists in years 1914-1923 beyond the framework of whether they supported or opposed the "Third International". He describes what circumstances led to the formation of "communism" and "social democracy", which divided in two the international socialist movement for almost 70 years, paying attention to various issues deeply involved in international and domestic politics as well as in the socialist movement.