While modern research stresses the integration capacities of the Romans, the literary sources are more ambivalent. Contemporaries like Philipp V of Macedonia or Aelius Aristides praise the openness of the populus Romanus, but there is also ample evidence for the withholding of political rights to new citizens, mass expulsions of immigrants to Rome, and clear administrative obstacles in the acquisition of the civitas Romana. This paper from a lecture held at the Academy in Mainz, Germany, demonstrates that Roman civil rights politics can only properly be understood within the context of Italy's demographic development and Rome's imperial politics. German text.