Topics covered include the reasons for the under-investment problem and conceptual frameworks for viewing productive investment opportunities as real options; useful valuation building blocks; the quantifying of various types of real options separately and in combination; strategic aspects of investment under uncertainty; numerical analysis techniques; a variety of applications, including the valuing of natural resources, R&D and pioneer ventures, land development, strategic acquisitions, government subsidies, power plants and pollution options, flexible manufacturing, and multinational operations; and empirical evidence from oil leasing, land prices, and discontinued operations.